1. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential of resource recovery form waste in five eco-villages, under Tangail district of Bangladesh. It also evaluates industrial pollution mitigation options for industrial waste. Its specific objectives relate to the waste generation and disposal in five eco villages, such as:

Analyzing and classifying types of waste generated;

• Estimation of the quantity of the generated solid waste and future generation thereof;
• Assessment of the level of environmental awareness amongst the villagers specially regarding waste
• Identifying ways and means to reduce waste generation, recycling or reuse of waste and improvement of waste disposal practice;
• Identifying technologies to maintain or improve waste balance in the eco villages; and
• Preparing detailed analysis of ten most polluting industries in the village of Gorai Nazirpara

2. Based on the data collected from eco villages, the present quantity of total waste generation in five eco- villages under the TIDP is estimated at approximately 421 tons/year.

3. The estimated per capita waste generation rate works out at 0.11 kg/cap/day. Positive correlation has been found between income of the household and waste generation rate, which is that family having higher income is generating more waste. Average family size in the study area is 5.82 persons. Average per household waste generation is calculated at 0.64 kg/household/day which is being disposed by the households; the rest like cowdung, tree leaves, twigs and agricultural wastes are being used as fuel and thus not considered as waste.

4. It is estimated that by the year 2012 per capita waste generation would increase to 0.15kg/cap/day, considering the expected GDP growth of the country as well as population growth rate. The total quantity of waste is estimated at 891 tons in 2012, which means an increase of 2.11 times in 10 years time.

5. As regard to human excreta disposal, it has been found that 3.32 ton in total is generated per day in the eco-villages, while the per annum generation works out at 1211 tons. It has been found that 985 tons of human excreta per year is being disposed in most unsanitary manner, resulting in high prevalence of excreta and waste borne diseases amongst 77% of the total population and 95% of the population using katcha latrines.

6. It is further estimated that by the year 2012, total quantity of human excreta would increase to 1931 ton showing an increase of 1.6 times in a span of 10 years.

7. It is also found that in average a family uses 4.26 tons of organic material (cow dung, twigs, leaves, jute stick, straw and saw dust) per year as fuel. Total quantity of organic matter consumed as fuel in the study area is calculated at 7616 metric tons per year.

8. Instead of recycling the organic material back to soil, use of organic matter as fuel is contributing to deterioration of soil, and consequently reducing food production, which has resulted in negative impacts, such as :

• Decrease in crop yield : majority of farmers have reported that despite using increased amount of chemical fertilizer, crop production has decreased in the eco villages by 2.38 %; and
• Increase in production cost of crops: 92% of the surveyed farmers opined that cost of production has increased in recent years and identified increase in the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide as well as depletion of organic matter in the soil along with increase in the wages of labour as prime reasons. It has been observed that farmers are using more than double the recommended government dose of chemical fertilizers for production of crops.

9. In order to improve the soil fertility and return organic matter back to the soil, this study proposes two types of technologies that are to be promoted at the village level. Firstly, promotion of barrel type composting method at individual household level. Use of barrel type composting method would help individual household to compost their organic kitchen waste and convert it into compost or bio-fertilizer. Secondly, promotion of compost toilet in the villages instead of twin pit (anaerobic toilet). Use of compost toilet would convert human excreta into compost in less than six months time; as in compost toilet, aerobic technique is used, it would attain higher temperature (above 50 degree C) compared to anaerobic process. Composting of human excreta is recommended, bearings in mind that major portion of the organic materials are used as fuel. Moreover, it has also been found from the study that there is a decreasing trend in the number of livestocks in ecovillages compared to past ten years. As such, there is a shortage of organic matter sources. However, human excreta has never been utilized and could be a potential source, if properly utilized.

10. It is necessary to promote use of nutrient enriched blended compost (NEBC) in the eco villages. As majority of the farmers are using chemical fertilizer indiscriminately and in unbalanced manner, soil has become hard and less fertile. Moreover, as most of the farmers are using high yielding variety seeds, it is not possible to meet the nutrient demand of crops by using only compost. As such, NEBC could be a viable option, not only to improve the soil structure but at the same time to increase crop production at lower investment as well.

11. It is, therefore, recommended to start pilot demonstration plots of various crops using NEBC in all the eco villages to practically demonstrate the benefits of using NEBC.

12. In order to identify polluting industries at Gorai Nazirpara, survey was conducted in 15 industries along with testing of water from the ponds, low-lying areas where these industries are discharging their untreated wastewater. Water sample tested at the BUET laboratory shows that the water in the ponds and low lying areas have become unsafe for any type of use due to low level of DO, high BOD and pH.

13. Analysis of wastewater sample for heavy metal concentration such as cadmium, chromium, lead and zinc was found to be within the DOE acceptable range in three most polluting industries identified by this study.

14. In order to rank different industries in the Gorai Nazirpara according to their pollution level, "paired comparison" technique has been used. Industries obtaining a score of more than 2.5 on a scale of 10 has been identified as polluting industry. The ten polluting industry according to their pollution level are: Qashem Dry Cell, Newtex Dyeing Industry, South East Fabrics, EM EM rubber products, Nahar Metal Products, Meghna Innvoa Rubber, AG Textiles, Nahid Cotton Mills, Tania Spinning Mill and Uttara Spinning mills.

15. Analyzing the spatial pattern of polluting industries in the Gorai Nazirpara, it has been revealed that majority of the polluting industries are located along the Dhaka-Tangail highway. Less polluting industries are located inside the village.

16. In order to reduce the industrial pollution, two types of measures have been recommended at factory level such as a) installation of individual waste treatment facility b) promotion and use of dust and noise pollution mask amongst the factory workers along with awareness raising of both factory labors and management staff about occupational health hazards.

17. As most of the industries are scattered and not located in cluster, it is not possible to have a common effluent treatment plant in the Gorai Nazirpara. It is also very important to initiate awareness building program for union and upazilla parishad staff on landuse control as well as on environmental management and sustainable development; because in case of establishment of any new industry it is the responsibility of the respective union and upazilla parishad to give clearance for its establishment in that area. Most of the upazilla parishad has landuse plan prepared by professional planners during early 90's, which should be followed. Moreover, it is recommended to establish close cooperation between DOE and respective upazilla parishad regarding industrial pollution control. In case, any industry is found polluting its surrounding environment, UNO with the help to Thana Engineer should inform DOE for necessary action. Environment Conservation Act empowers DOE to control and monitor polluting industries in the country.